Psalm 56 is the first of five Davidic psalms in a row bearing the title mikhtam (56-60). As explained in the Beyond Today Bible Commentary on Psalm 16 (another mikhtam), the meaning of this word is uncertain. It may mean a writing or inscription--and could perhaps denote something first written as a poem (though we know from the examples here that these were set to music, at least at some point, and some express a desire to play instruments or sing). As noted previously, these mikhtams are all written in the face of great danger.

We earlier read Psalm 56 in conjunction with the account of David fleeing from Saul into Philistine territory and being taken into custody by the Philistines at Gath--the event mentioned in the superscription (see the Beyond Today Bible Commentary on 1 Samuel 21:1-12; Psalm 56). This was immediately before David feigned madness to escape from the Philistines, after which he composed Psalm 34 in thanks to God.

David complains that his enemies are many and that they hound him all day (Psalm 56:2). Having been on the run from Saul, it is likely that David was thinking a great deal about him and his forces and not just the Philistines--though they were certainly included.

David talks through his fears in prayer: "Whenever I am afraid, I will trust in You.... In God I have put my trust; I will not fear. What can flesh do to me?" (verses 3-4; compare the same basic refrain in verses 4 and 10-11; see also Psalm 118:6). It was fear of Saul that had driven David from Israel and into Philistine territory. So he was clearly learning some lessons here.

David then once more describes the actions of his enemies (Psalm 56:5-7) before again expressing trust in God to help him. The Nelson Study Bible says that "alternating passages of pain and faith are a characteristic of the lament psalms...[and] the poet typically complains about lies, the misuse of language, and deceit" (notes on Psalm 56:3-4 and verse 5).

Thinking about his life on the run and all his suffering, David knows that God is aware and keeps track of it (verse 8). David realizes God is for him--on his side (verse 9; compare Romans 8:31). God has been faithful to him in saving and helping him (Psalm 56:13)--and David will be faithful to God (verse 12).